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 ===== Defining the ED IIIb period =====
-The traditional schema outlined for the Early Dynastic period is based, above all, on a somewhat problematic assignment of major archaeological sites and text-artifactual corpora to ... Bauer (1998, 431) refers to two distinct models (?) / definitions (?) of the beginning of the ED IIIb period: the theory that . . . proposed by [[Falkenstein]] and his students and the alternative model suggested by [[Hallo]]. These efforts to define the start of the period in political rather than archaeological terms may well be misguided and Van De Mieroop has recently argued that the entire Early Dynastic Period should be treated as a single organic whole from a historical perspective.\\
+The traditional schema outlined for the Early Dynastic period is based, above all, on a somewhat problematic assignment of major archaeological sites and text-artifactual corpora to ... Bauer (1998, 431) refers to two distinct models (?) / definitions (?) of the beginning of the ED IIIb period: the theory that . . . proposed by [[falkenstein_adam|Falkenstein]] and his students and the alternative model suggested by Hallo. These efforts to define the start of the period in political rather than archaeological terms may well be misguided and Van De Mieroop has recently argued that the entire Early Dynastic Period should be treated as a single organic whole from a historical perspective.\\
 This period is often subdivided into Early Dynastic I (ca. 2900-2750), II (ca. 2750-2600), IIIa (2600-2450), and IIIb (ca. 2450-2350), but these are archaeological distinctions based on stylistic changes in the material remains that have little historical value. The period should be regarded as a unit in political terms, displaying the same basic characteristics for its entire duration (Van De Mieroop 2004, 39-40).\\
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 ==== Enhegal ====
-The status of this first figure as ruler of Lagash is disputed, as it is inferred from an economic text recording a sale of land by two men designated as Sidu and Lugalshagengur…… In their treatment of the text, Gelb, Steinkeller and Whiting date the document to the Fara Period (ca. 2600 BC).(see ELTS) However M.A. Powell (footnote) disagrees over Enhegal’s status as ruler of the city, and further dates the text to the time of Urnanshe.
+The status of this first figure as the earliest known ruler of Lagash is disputed, as it is inferred from an economic text recording a sale of land by two men designated as Sidu and 'Enhegal lugal Lagash' (ELTS no. 20). In their treatment of the text, Gelb, Steinkeller and Whiting date the document to the Fara Period (ELTS pg. 70) However M.A. Powell (JCS 46, ppg. 99-104) disagrees over Enhegal’s status as ruler of the city, and further dates the text to the time of Ur-Nanshe.
 ==== Lugalshagengur ====
-The first clearly attested ruler of Lagash is Lugalshagengur, whose name is attested only in a macehead inscription of Mesalim, the king of Kish who is known in connection with Lagash primarily through his arbitration in the protracted border war between that city-state and its neighbor Umma.
+The first clearly attested ruler of Lagash is Lugalshagengur, whose name is attested only in a macehead inscription of Mesalim ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222741|FAOS 05/2, Mesalim 1]]), the king of Kish who is known in connection with Lagash primarily through his arbitration in the protracted border war between that city-state and its neighbor Umma.
 ==== Ur-Nanshe ====
-Ur-Nanshe was the first to establish the dynastic principle at Lagash, according to William W. Hallo's __The Ancient Near East__ (51), assuming the title from the ED II(true?) ruler, Enhegal.  He was likely of non-royal lineage, since in his inscriptions he refers to his father as one Gu-NI.DU without an accompanying royal title. The fact that the name does appear in offering lists from the time of the later kings Lugalanda and Uruinimgina suggests that Gu-NI.DU nevertheless held an important, possibily religious, office in Lagash.(pg. 447) but cemented his power in the region, leaving "numerous short inscriptions that reveal his ancestry, his progeny, his religious benefactions, and the fact that he exacted tribute from the mountains...and brought it to Lagash by ship" (Hallo 51).  Many reliefs attempt to convey his humble origins, including a relief at the Louvre Museum, showing him doing the job of a bricklayer and providing food for his family.  According to the magazine ''arteHistoria'', Ur-Nanshe's reign was characterized by public-works projects like temple and canal construction, using wood brought from Dilmun (present-day Bahrain) by chartered cargo ships, and it is from the inscriptions on these that most of the information about Ur-Nanshe is drawn.
+Ur-Nanshe's rule is significant as it stands at the beginning of a continuous documentary tradition illuminating the political events of the ED III period. He was likely of non-royal lineage, since in his inscriptions he refers to his father as one Gu-NI.DU without an accompanying royal title. The fact that the name does appear in offering lists from the time of the later kings Lugalanda and Uruinimgina suggests that Gu-NI.DU nevertheless held an important, possibily religious, office in Lagash (Bauer pg. 447).
+Ur-Nanshe carried through a large number of building and renovation projects that have been recorded in his many royal inscriptions. These include a system of nine canals, the renovation of Nanshe's Sirara temple in Nina (or Nimin), and the renovation of Ningirsu's E-ninnu temple in Girsu. The unexpectedly wide scope of his building activity, especially of religious structures, has been taken as a sign of the hastening trend toward anthropomorphized deities whose status required a more substantial visual presence than the earlier tradition of divine emblems and totems (Bauer pg. 450). He also had wood brought from the state of Dilmun (modern Bahrain) via a special boat called the 'ma2-dilmun' for various building projects, especially temples.
+Already before Ur-Nanshe a conflict between Lagash and Umma had broken out over the control of a fertile area between the two cities known as the Guedena. The historical roots of the dispute are not clear. A cone inscription of Enmetena ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222532|FAOS 05/1, Ent 28, A]]) frames them as a primordial issue involving the gods, where Enlil divides the Guedinna between Ningirsu and Shara, the principle gods of Lagash and Umma respectively. Regardless of its origins, by the time of Ur-Nanshe the conflict grew to the point that an outsider, Mesalim the king of Kish, was called in to arbitrate the conflict, declaring a border that divided the land and marking it with a now lost inscription. However this settlement did not keep the peace for long, at least if we are to consider a text excavated from the Bagara Temple of Girsu in the 1970's ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222390|FAOS 05/1, Urn 51]]), which indicates Ur-Nanshe defeated Umma in battle and captured some of its leaders as prisoners.
+The king also left behind a number of plates depicting himself, members of his family, and some of his followers. These early works illustrate several important elements of Mesopotamian iconography, such as the ruler standing with hands clasped as a typical depiction of piety ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222460|FAOS 05/1, Urn 21]]) or holding a basket on his head to signal participation in foundational building projects ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222359|FAOS 05/1, Urn 20]]).
 ==== Akurgal ====
-Akurgal was the son of ur-Nanshe and King of Lagash.  During his reign, some ground was lost to Lagash's rival, Umma.
+In contrary to the long and relatively well-documented reign of Ur-Nanshe, that of his son Akurgal was short and poorly known. Only six gypssum inscriptions of his have survived. One of them ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222392|FAOS 05/1, Akg 1]]) states that he build the Antasura of Ningirsu, while the text of the others has been destroyed. On the basis of inscriptions from his son Eanatum, however, we know that during his reign Lagash some of the Guedina to Umma.
+==== Eanatum ====
+Eanatum was the son of Akurgal, and the most militarily successful ruler of the first dynasty of Lagash. He conducted many campaigns abroad, including ones against the southern cities of Ur, Uruk, and Kiutu, as well as states further afield such as Kish, Mari, Akshak, and Susa. He even reached northeastern Subartu and the eastern regions of Elam, destroying a city called Mishime. His military campaigns were so widespread that he was able to claim the title "King of Kish", a title associated with if not always actually indicating, the unity of the Mesopotamian city-states and their submission to a single ruler.
-==== Eannatum ====
+Much information about Eanatum's deeds comes from the famous Stele of the Vultures ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P222399|FAOS 05/1, Ean 01]]), a now fragmentary inscription that depicts in both verbally and graphically powerful ways the military exploits of the king of Lagash. One fragment shows the god Ningirsu holding a mace in his right hand while his left holds a net that has bagged a number of helpless enemy soldiers (picture?). Another section shows Eanatum leading a heavily armed phalanx of soldiers trampling slain enemy underneath. Yet another shows men piling up corpses into a giant heap, an image which is reflected in the text.
-Eannatum was the son of Akurgal, and reknown as the greatest ruler of Lagash.  He defeated the rival powers, Elam and destroyed its capital at Susa, Uruk, Ur, and Akshak, and made an enemy out of Mari.  His military campaigns were so widespread that he was able to claim the title "King of Kish", which during ED I, especially had been a title denoting the unity of the Mesopotamian city-states and their submission (although they retained much autonomy) to a single ruler.  During his reign, however, the border conflict with Lagash's neighbor Umma also came to a climax.  Because the cities had historically shared the same resources, including the fertile land of Edin and the Adab Canal, they had been historic rival; Eannatum going so far as to say that the border (which was different from the border Umma claimed) was marked by the gods and reiterated by Mesilim (Mesalim), legendary king of Kish.  According to the Stele of Vultures, through his use of the military technique, the battle-phalanx, Lagash was able to retain the upper hand on the Umma king, Enakalle. (Hallo 51-52)
+The stele also gives testament to developments in the ideology of kingship which are promoted by later Lagash rulers. Eanatum is the first Lagash king to explicitly claim divine birth by a god, in this case Ningirsu. Inheritors of the throne would go on to do likewise, as when Eanatum's son Enanatum I named the god Lugal-URU11 his father, and when Enmetena names Gatumdug his divine mother (Bauer pg. 462). Along with the divine progenitor comes a divine wet-nurse, that is, a female goddess who suckles the king to make him strong. For Eanatum this figure is the ancient goddess Ninhursag (Ean 01, IV). Other kings, down to the Neo-Assyrian period, would also make use of this motif. The stele also describes how Ningirsu visited Eanatum in a dream where he instructed him to make war on Umma. This motif surfaces again in the cylinder inscriptions of the later king Gudea, where he narrates how Ningirsu explained the plan for the (re)building of his E-ninnu temple.
 ==== Enannatum I ====
-Enannatum I was the brother of Eannatum and another son of Akurgal.  During his reign, Lagash was plagued by war with Umma, under the leadership of Ur-Lumma.
+Enanatum I was the brother of Eanatum and another son of Akurgal. Like his predecessors he faced conflict with Umma over control of the Guedina, and like his brother, he defeated the rival state, imposing heavy fiscal penalties on it and forcing its king Enakale to swear an oath to the gods that he would respect the established boundaries. However as the Enmetena cone goes on to describe
 ==== Entemena ====
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   * Hallo, William W. and William Kelly Simpson. 1971. __The Ancient Near East A History__. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. pp. 46-54
   * Knapp, A. Bernard, 1988. __The History and Culture of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt__.  Wadsworth Publishing Company.  pp. 66-77
+  * Powell, M.A., Review: Elusive Eden: Private Property at the Dawn of History, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 46, 1994, pp. 99-104.
   * Van De Mieroop, Marc. 2004. //A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC//. Blackwell Publishing. [The Early Dynastic period as a whole is dealt with in chapter 3, pp. 39-58, but since relatively is known about the periods that preceded the ED IIIb period, much of the chapter focuses on ED IIIb.]