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| proto-cuneiform [2008/03/04 15:31] – kantel | proto-cuneiform [2016/11/21 04:56] (current) – [External links] englund |
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| <box 420px right|Examples of Uruk IV (above, excavation no. [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/P000958|W 7227,a]]) and Uruk III (below, no. [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/P002195|W 14804,a]])>{{:images:lateuruk03.jpg?400x496|Examples of Uruk IV (above, excavation no. W 7227,a) and Uruk III (below, no. W 14804,a)}}</box> | <box 420px right|Examples of Uruk IV (above, excavation no. [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/P000958|W 7227,a]]) and Uruk III (below, no. [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/P002195|W 14804,a]])>{{:images:lateuruk03.jpg?400x496|Examples of Uruk IV (above, excavation no. W 7227,a) and Uruk III (below, no. W 14804,a)}}</box> |
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| Since the tablets had become irrelevant before they were disposed of in the rubbish dump that was used as a source of fill for surface irregularities of the large terrace below the buildings of Archaic Level III, they were obviously older than the earliest subphase of that layer. Although we are left in the dark as to their exact date or origin, we can assume that they are not older than the buildings of Archaic Level IV, since no tablets were found in the layers below them. Unfortunately, we cannot establish a stratigraphic link between the tablets and any of the three subphases "c," "b," or "a" of Archaic Level IV. In order to get a better grasp of the dates of these texts, we are thus obliged to develop new criteria based predominantly on the internal evolution of the script itself. | Since the tablets had become irrelevant before they were disposed of in the rubbish dump that was used as a source of fill for surface irregularities of the large terrace below the buildings of Archaic Level III, they were obviously older than the earliest subphase of that layer. Although we are left in the dark as to their exact date or origin, we can assume that they are not older than the buildings of Archaic Level IV, since no tablets were found in the layers below them. Unfortunately, we cannot establish a stratigraphic link between the tablets and any of the three subphases "c," "b," or "a" of Archaic Level IV. In order to get a better grasp of the dates of these texts, we are thus obliged to develop new criteria based predominantly on the internal evolution of the script itself. |
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| ==== External links ==== | ==== External links ==== |
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| Peter Damerow, "The Origins of Writing as a Problem of Historical Epistemology | Peter Damerow, [[http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/forschung/Preprints/P114.PDF|“The Origins of Writing as a Problem of Historical Epistemology”]] |
| [[http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/forschung/Preprints/P114.PDF]] | |
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| Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund. “Die Zahlzeichensysteme der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk,” in: M. W. Green and H. J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk (=ATU 2; Berlin 1987) 117-166 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1987a.pdf]] | |
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| Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund and Hans J. Nissen. “Die Entstehung der Schrift,” Spektrum der Wissenschaft, February 1988, 74-85 (reprinted in: J. Dittami, ed., Signale und Kommunikation [[Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford|1993]] 150-161, and B. Riese, ed., Sprache und Schrift: Ein Lesebuch [[=|Verständliche Forschung; Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford, 1994]] 90-101) [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1988c.pdf]] | |
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| id., “Die ersten Zahldarstellungen und die Entwicklung des Zahlbegriffs,” Spektrum der Wissenschaft, March 1988, 46-55 (reprinted in: B. Riese, ed., Sprache und Schrift, 102-111) [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1988d.pdf]] | Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund. [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1987a.pdf|“Die Zahlzeichensysteme der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk”]], in: M. W. Green and H. J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk (=ATU 2; Berlin 1987) 117-166 |
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| id., “Zur rechnergestützten Bearbeitung der archaischen Texte aus Mesopotamien,” Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 121 (1989) 139-152 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1988b.pdf]] | Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund and Hans J. Nissen. [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1988c.pdf|“Die Entstehung der Schrift”]], Spektrum der Wissenschaft, February 1988, 74-85 (reprinted in: J. Dittami, ed., Signale und Kommunikation. Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford 1993, 150-161, and B. Riese, ed., Sprache und Schrift: Ein Lesebuch. Verständliche Forschung; Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford, 1994, 90-101) |
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| id., “Indrukken in Klei: Het begin van det getal,” Natuur & Techniek 59 (1991) 696-707 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1991d.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1988d.pdf|“Die ersten Zahldarstellungen und die Entwicklung des Zahlbegriffs”]], Spektrum der Wissenschaft, March 1988, 46-55 (reprinted in: B. Riese, ed., Sprache und Schrift, 102-111) |
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| id., “Die Geburt der Schrift,” die waage 30 (1991) 2-7 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1991a.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1988b.pdf|“Zur rechnergestützten Bearbeitung der archaischen Texte aus Mesopotamien”]], Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 121 (1989) 139-152 |
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| Robert K. Englund, “Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 31 (1988) 121-185 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1988a.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1991d.pdf|“Indrukken in Klei: Het begin van det getal”]], Natuur & Techniek 59 (1991) 696-707 |
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| id., “Archaic Dairy Metrology,” Iraq 53 (1991) 101-104 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1991b.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1991a.pdf|“Die Geburt der Schrift”]], die waage 30 (1991) 2-7 |
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| id., “Late Uruk Period Cattle and Dairy Products: Evidence from Proto-Cuneiform Sources,” in: Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture 8/2 (Warminster, 1995) 33-48 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1995b.pdf]] | Robert K. Englund, [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1988a.pdf|“Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia”]], Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 31 (1988) 121-185 |
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| id., “Late Uruk Pigs and Other Herded Animals,” in: U. Finkbeiner, R. Dittmann and H. Hauptmann, eds., Festschrift Boehmer (Mainz 1995) 121-133 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1995g.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1991b.pdf|“Archaic Dairy Metrology”]], Iraq 53 (1991) 101-104 |
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| id., “Die Erfindung der Schrift in Uruk,” in: W. Seipel and A. Wieczorek, eds., Von Babylon bis Jerusalem vol. 2 (Milan 1999) 251-254 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund1999d.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995b.pdf|“Late Uruk Period Cattle and Dairy Products: Evidence from Proto-Cuneiform Sources”]], in: Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture 8/2 (Warminster, 1995) 33-48 |
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| id., “Grain Accounting Practices in Archaic Mesopotamia,” in: J. Høyrup and Peter Damerow, eds., Changing Views on Ancient Near Eastern Mathematics (=BBVO 19; Berlin, 2001) 1-35 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund2001b.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1995g.pdf|“Late Uruk Pigs and Other Herded Animals”]], in: U. Finkbeiner, R. Dittmann and H. Hauptmann, eds., Festschrift Boehmer (Mainz 1995) 121-133 |
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| id. “Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals,” in: M. Hudson and C. Wunsch, eds., Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East (CDL Press: Bethesda, Maryland, 2004) 23-46 [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/englund2004a.pdf]] | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund1999d.pdf|“Die Erfindung der Schrift in Uruk”]], in: W. Seipel and A. Wieczorek, eds., Von Babylon bis Jerusalem vol. 2 (Milan 1999) 251-254 |
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| | id., [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund2001b.pdf|“Grain Accounting Practices in Archaic Mesopotamia”]], in: J. Høyrup and Peter Damerow, eds., Changing Views on Ancient Near Eastern Mathematics (=BBVO 19; Berlin, 2001) 1-35 |
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| | id. [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund2004a.pdf|“Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals”]], in: M. Hudson and C. Wunsch, eds., Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East (CDL Press: Bethesda, Maryland, 2004) 23-46 |
| ==== Extensive bibliography ==== | ==== Extensive bibliography ==== |
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