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--- the_province_of_umma [2008/04/18 14:19] – dahl
+++ the_province_of_umma [2016/04/13 14:41] (current) – [Bibliography] lafont
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 ====== The Province of Umma ======
-The province of Umma is located northwest of the Lagash province and northeast of the Uruk province. During the Ur III period the province was centered almost exclusively at Umma[[the ur iii province of umma|Umma]], modern Tell Djoha. During the Presargonic period it is possible that the main center was Tell al-Agrib located to the southeast of Umma.
+The province of Umma is located northwest of the Lagash province and northeast of the Uruk province. During the Ur III period the province was centered almost exclusively at Umma, modern Tell Djokha ([[the ur iii province of umma|click here for a description of Umma during the Ur III period]]). During the Presargonic period it is possible that the main center was Tell al-Agrib located to the southeast of Umma.
+[[The Ur III province of Umma|The province of Umma during the Ur III period]]
+For descriptions of the different sites, see the following pages:
 [[sites:umma|Umma]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 18: @@
 [[sites:guedena_mushbiana|Gu(e)dena and Mushbiana]]
 [[sites:umma_other_sites|Other sites in the Umma province]]
-==== Da-Umma ====
-Da-Umma is the name of the most important agricultural district of the province of Umma. It is uncertain weather any larger settlements were located in the district Da-Umma
-== Apisal ==
-Apisal was the second most important ciry, economically, in the Umma province. It has never been excavated and no texts can be provenienced to Apisal. Numerous Umma texts describes transactions taking place in Apisal.
-== Zabala ==
-The city Zabala, located within the province of Umma; and under the jurisdiction of the governor of Umma seems to have been of minor economic importance to the central administration. Zabala has been identified with Ibzaykh (see Steinkeller (2001) 54, + fn 124). See however the Google Earth images ([[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?&ll=31.74565,45.875773&spn=0.01905,0.024548&z=15|31° 44' 41.03" N, 45° 52' 32.71" E]]), which suggest that the site was excavated recently. Note also the strong marks of illeagal excavations. The writing of Zabala in the Ur III period has not been clarified in the literature. A brief survey of the available reliable visual resources suggests that zabala<sub>3</sub> (MUSH<sub>3</sub>.UNUG) was the correct Ur III writing of the city-name.
-Zabala was perhaps not an important economic center, but it was an important cultic center; in particular in the years following Shu-Suens first year, during which the “queen-dowager” [[Abi-simti]] visited the city four times in five years.
-Zabala was the city of the goddess “Inanna of Zabala” (possibly identical with the “Lady of Zabala”, although she is often mentioned as the Apisalite Lady of Zabala), and the oldest Ur III sources from Zabala mention a temple of Inanna at Zabala; it is likely that the archives of Zabala were kept in Umma. Prior to the coronation of Shu-Suen, references to Zabala primarily recorded minor deliveries for the cult of Inanna of Zabala.
-The first explicit reference to the “queen-dowager” Abi-simti’s yearly visits to Zabala comes from the account concerning [[Lu-kirizal]], the pig-herder ([http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/P130196 SNAT 436] [from SS 1]). The vast majority of texts mentioning Zabala from the following five years were concerned with the annual visits by the “queen-dowager.” Although no royal visitor was mentioned in Shu-Suen’s second year, it is still possible to suggest that Abi-simti paid a visit to Zabala that year as well.  The fragmentary text [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/P119869|MVN 18, 508]] (from SS 1?), even alludes to a house of the queen(-dowager) in Zabala.
-The deliveries for the cult of Inanna of Zabala as well as the provisions for the “queen-dowager’s” visits were mostly sealed by the governor of Umma or members of his administration; one of these, Ur-Shulpa’e was perhaps a royal representative at the governor’s court.
-It seems reasonable to suggest two different, but perhaps overlapping, reasons for the “queen-dowager’s” yearly visits to Zabala. A) Abi-simti personified the Urukite Geshtinanna journeying to Zabala each year: or her visits were in any other way connected to the cult of Inanna and her status within the royal family. B) Zabala was the “private” estate of Abi-simti in the same way as Garshana was the “private” estate of [[Simat-Ishtaran]], also a member of the royal family. As is obviously A and B are not mutually exclusive, but may rather compliment each other. Further studies into the cultic responsibilities, and the “private” possessions, of the members of the royal family of Ur are needed to clarify these issues.
-== KI.AN ==
-During the Ur III period the city of KI.AN was primarily known as an important cultic center of the chief Umma god, Shara.
-== Gu(e)dena and Mushbiana ==
-Gu(e)dena and Mushbiana are the names of two important agricultural districts in the province of Umma, there are no major setlements attested in the area.
-The district of Gu(e)dena is well known from the Old Sumerian Royal inscriptions from Lagash, describing the returning battles between Umma and Lagash over this fertile agricultural district.
-==== Garshana and other Rural Settlements in the Umma Province ====
 ==== Bibliography ====
-R. McC. Adams, [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2008/cdlj2008_001.html|"An Interdisciplinary Overview of a Mesopotamian City and its Hinterlands,"]] CDLJ 2008:1
+  * R. McC. Adams, [[http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2008/cdlj2008_001.html|"An Interdisciplinary Overview of a Mesopotamian City and its Hinterlands,"]] CDLJ 2008:1
+  * J. L. Dahl, "The Ruling Family of Ur III Umma: A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years Ago. PIHANS 108. Leiden: 2007.
-J. L. Dahl, "The Ruling Family of Ur III Umma: A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years Ago" ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/staff/dahl/dissertation.pdf|Unpublished UCLA Dissertation 2003]]; to be published in PIHANS 2007).
+  * P. Steinkeller, "The Administration and Economic Organization of the Ur III State: The Core and the Periphery," in M. Gibson and R. D. Biggs, eds., The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East. SAOC 46 (1987), pp. 119-141.
+  * P. Steinkeller, “The Foresters of Umma: Toward a Definition of Ur III Labor”. In M. A. Powell, ed., Labor in the Ancient Near East. American Oriental Series, AOS 68. New Haven (1987), pp. 73-115.
+  * P. Steinkeller, "New Light on the Hydrology and Topography of Southern Babylonia in the Third Millennium," ZA 91 (2001), 22-84
-P. Steinkeller "The Administration and Economic Organization of the Ur III State: The Core and the Periphery," in M. Gibson and R. D. Biggs, eds., The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East. SAOC 46 (1987), pp. 119-141
+  * P. Steinkeller, "An Estimate of the Population of the City of Umma in Ur III Times" (forthcoming)
-_____________, "New Light on the Hydrology and Topography of Southern Babylonia in the Third Millennium," ZA 91 (2001), 22-84
+  * G. Van Driel, “The Size of Institutional Umma.” Archiv für Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, p. 80-91.