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[[The Computation of Time in the Old Assyrian Period]]
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the_old_assyrian_calendar [2015/10/13 20:13] – gombertthe_old_assyrian_calendar [2015/10/20 09:32] (current) – hawkins
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-====== The comput of Time in the Old Assyrian Period ======+====== The Computation of Time in the Old Assyrian Period ======
  
-===== Old Assyrian Calendar =====+=== Old Assyrian Calendar ===
  
-==== Months ====+== Months ==
  
 The Old Assyrian lunisolar calendar consisted of 12 months, //warhum//, of 29 or 30 days. The Old Assyrian months are named after cultic and seasonal events: The Old Assyrian lunisolar calendar consisted of 12 months, //warhum//, of 29 or 30 days. The Old Assyrian months are named after cultic and seasonal events:
  
-| I\\ II\\ III\\ IV\\ V\\ VI | Bēlet-ekallim\\ (Narmak Aššur) ša Sarrātim      \\ (Narmak Aššur) ša Kēnātim\\ Mahhur ilī\\ Ab šarrāni\\ Hubur | VII\\ VIII\\ IX\\ X\\ XI\\ XII | Ṣip’um\\ Qarrātum\\ Kanwarta\\ Te’inātum*    \\ Kuzallu\\ Allānātum |+| I\\ II\\ III\\ IV\\ V\\ VI | //Bēlet-ekallim//\\ (//Narmak Aššur//) //ša Sarrātim//      \\ (//Narmak Aššur//) //ša Kēnātim//\\ //Mahhur ilī//\\ //Ab šarrāni//\\ //Hubur// | VII\\ VIII\\ IX\\ X\\ XI\\ XII | //Ṣip’um//\\ //Qarrātum//\\ //Kanwarta//\\ //Te’inātum//*    \\ //Kuzallu//\\ //Allānātum// |
  
-*During level Ib, month X is named after the Moon God: Suen+*During level Ib, month X is named after the Moon God: //Suen//
  
-An intercalary month, Zibibirum was added to adjust the calendar to the agricultural cycle, but this addition was not regular ; it is observed in REL 82 and 85 in Kültepe tablets. It is also possible that the Assyrians have sometimes doubled the last month of the year without changing its name, a tradition still surviving in the Middle Assyrian period. Other years with intercalary months are attested from other sources using the Aššur eponym system; they correspond to years REL 191, 211, 224, 226, 243.+An intercalary month, //Zibibirum// was added to adjust the calendar to the agricultural cycle, but this addition was not regular ; it is observed in REL 82 and 85 in Kültepe tablets. It is also possible that the Assyrians have sometimes doubled the last month of the year without changing its name, a tradition still surviving in the Middle Assyrian period. Other years with intercalary months are attested from other sources using the Aššur eponym system; they correspond to years REL 191, 211, 224, 226, 243.
  
 The first day of the month (//warhum//, the new moon) presumably corresponded to the first day of the visibility of the new moon (SAG ITI.KAM). The first day of the month (//warhum//, the new moon) presumably corresponded to the first day of the visibility of the new moon (SAG ITI.KAM).
  
 The Old Assyrian months are usually used in the loan contract dates, but time computation by month may also be found in letters sent from Aššur. The Old Assyrian months are usually used in the loan contract dates, but time computation by month may also be found in letters sent from Aššur.
-==== šapattum = half-month / day of the full moon, and moon (called god, ilum) phases ====+== šapattum = half-month / day of the full moon, and moon (called god, ilum) phases ==
  
 The Assyrians used a time unit, the //šapattum//, which, in some texts, corresponds to “the day of the full moon”, precisely corresponding to the middle of the month or “one month, after the day of the full moon”. (Links to CDLI tablets?). In other texts, the //šapattum// corresponds to half a month, the month being divided in two by the //šapattum// day: the first part of the month has theoretically 15 days while the second part might have 14 or 15 days; the //šapattum// here would refer to the first fifteen days of the month ending with the //šapattum// day ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P359946|KKS 12a:7-8]]). The Assyrians used a time unit, the //šapattum//, which, in some texts, corresponds to “the day of the full moon”, precisely corresponding to the middle of the month or “one month, after the day of the full moon”. (Links to CDLI tablets?). In other texts, the //šapattum// corresponds to half a month, the month being divided in two by the //šapattum// day: the first part of the month has theoretically 15 days while the second part might have 14 or 15 days; the //šapattum// here would refer to the first fifteen days of the month ending with the //šapattum// day ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P359946|KKS 12a:7-8]]).
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   * Specific date: “(When) the (Moon) God was standing (in the sky) for 5 days (//ilum// 5 //ūmim issas//)” ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P360494|AKT 1 35, 10]]).   * Specific date: “(When) the (Moon) God was standing (in the sky) for 5 days (//ilum// 5 //ūmim issas//)” ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P360494|AKT 1 35, 10]]).
  
-==== The beginning of the year / New year’s Day ====+=== The beginning of the year / New year’s Day ===
  
 According to an unpublished tablet, Kt c/k 568, the beginning of the Old Assyrian year corresponded to the winter solstice (December 22, Dercksen 2011, p. 238), while the calendar of Upper Mesopotamia kingdom (Šamšī-Adad) started in August (Charpin 1985, p. 246). Previous interpretations suggested a beginning of the Old Assyrian year the day of the autumnal equinox (September 22, Veenhof 2008, p. 243, Michel 2010, p. 222). According to an unpublished tablet, Kt c/k 568, the beginning of the Old Assyrian year corresponded to the winter solstice (December 22, Dercksen 2011, p. 238), while the calendar of Upper Mesopotamia kingdom (Šamšī-Adad) started in August (Charpin 1985, p. 246). Previous interpretations suggested a beginning of the Old Assyrian year the day of the autumnal equinox (September 22, Veenhof 2008, p. 243, Michel 2010, p. 222).
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   * Donbaz, V., 1971: The Old Assyrian Month Name Kanwarta, //JCS// 24, p. 24-28.\\   * Donbaz, V., 1971: The Old Assyrian Month Name Kanwarta, //JCS// 24, p. 24-28.\\
   * Donbaz, V., 1984: New Evidence on the Reading of the The Old Assyrian Month Name Kanwarta with an Edition of the Memorandum Kt c/k 839, //JEOL// 28, p. 3-9.\\   * Donbaz, V., 1984: New Evidence on the Reading of the The Old Assyrian Month Name Kanwarta with an Edition of the Memorandum Kt c/k 839, //JEOL// 28, p. 3-9.\\
-  * Michel, C., 2010: The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar, in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\+  * Michel, C., 2010: [[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00642826/document|The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar]], in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\
   * Veenhof, K. R., 1997: The Old Assyrian //Hamuštum// Period: A Seven-Day Week, //JEOL// 34, p. 5-26.\\   * Veenhof, K. R., 1997: The Old Assyrian //Hamuštum// Period: A Seven-Day Week, //JEOL// 34, p. 5-26.\\
   * Veenhof, K. R., 2000: Old Assyrian chronology, //Akkadica// 119-120, p. 137-150.\\   * Veenhof, K. R., 2000: Old Assyrian chronology, //Akkadica// 119-120, p. 137-150.\\
   * Veenhof, K. R., 2008: The Old Assyrian Period, in M. Wäfler (ed.), K. R. Veenhof and J. Eidem, //Mesopotamia. The Old Assyrian Period//. OBO 160/5, p. 13-264.\\   * Veenhof, K. R., 2008: The Old Assyrian Period, in M. Wäfler (ed.), K. R. Veenhof and J. Eidem, //Mesopotamia. The Old Assyrian Period//. OBO 160/5, p. 13-264.\\
  
- +=== Week: hamuštum = “a week of x days” ===
-==== Week: hamuštum = “a week of x days” ====+
  
 In loan contracts in Kaneš, dates are often expressed in //hamuštum.// These //hamuštum//, which correspond to a fix number of days, take the name of two, then one merchant (after REL 98, Kryszat 2004, p. 157-198). The value of this unit of time is still debated. This word could be derived from the Semitic root “five” HMŠ, and most authors agree on the observation of the frequent ascending sequence:  //hamuštum -- warhum -- limum// in the loan contracts dates, which proved that the //hamuštum// consists of less than 30 days. The following table shows the number of days contained in a //hamuštum// according to the different authors. In loan contracts in Kaneš, dates are often expressed in //hamuštum.// These //hamuštum//, which correspond to a fix number of days, take the name of two, then one merchant (after REL 98, Kryszat 2004, p. 157-198). The value of this unit of time is still debated. This word could be derived from the Semitic root “five” HMŠ, and most authors agree on the observation of the frequent ascending sequence:  //hamuštum -- warhum -- limum// in the loan contracts dates, which proved that the //hamuštum// consists of less than 30 days. The following table shows the number of days contained in a //hamuštum// according to the different authors.
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   * Lewy, H. & J., 1943: The Origin of the Week and the Oldest West Asiatic Calendar, //HUCA// 17, p. 1-146.\\   * Lewy, H. & J., 1943: The Origin of the Week and the Oldest West Asiatic Calendar, //HUCA// 17, p. 1-146.\\
   * Lewy, J., 1939: The Assyrian Calendar, //ArOr// 11, p. 35-46.\\   * Lewy, J., 1939: The Assyrian Calendar, //ArOr// 11, p. 35-46.\\
-  * Michel, C., 2010: The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar, in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\+  * Michel, C., 2010: [[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00642826/document|The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar]], in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\
   * Tur-Sinai, N. H., 1951: Sabbat und Woche, //BiOr// 8, p. 14-24.\\   * Tur-Sinai, N. H., 1951: Sabbat und Woche, //BiOr// 8, p. 14-24.\\
   * Veenhof, K. R., 1997: The Old Assyrian //Hamuštum// Period: A Seven-Day Week, //JEOL// 34, p. 5-26.\\   * Veenhof, K. R., 1997: The Old Assyrian //Hamuštum// Period: A Seven-Day Week, //JEOL// 34, p. 5-26.\\
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   * Veenhof, K. R., 2008:The Old Assyrian Period, in M. Wäfler (ed.), K. R. Veenhof and J. Eidem, //Mesopotamia. The Old Assyrian Period//. OBO 160/5, p. 13-264.\\   * Veenhof, K. R., 2008:The Old Assyrian Period, in M. Wäfler (ed.), K. R. Veenhof and J. Eidem, //Mesopotamia. The Old Assyrian Period//. OBO 160/5, p. 13-264.\\
  
-==== Day and Night ====+=== Day and Night ===
  
-The smallest unit of time used in the Old Assyrian corpus is //ūmum// = “day or night”. Indeed, the word //bērum//, which usually corresponds to a time unit, a “double-hour”, is always used in the Old Assyrian corpus as the length unit equal to the distance a walker may cover within this “double-hour”, a little more than 10 km ((cf.[[Numbers & Metrology 2nd millennium]])).+The smallest unit of time used in the Old Assyrian corpus is //ūmum// = “day or night”. Indeed, the word //bērum//, which usually corresponds to a time unit, a “double-hour”, is always used in the Old Assyrian corpus as the length unit equal to the distance a walker may cover within this “double-hour”, a little more than 10 km (cf.[[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=old_assyrian_private_trade#units_of_length|Old Assyrian private trade]]).
  
 The Mesopotamian “day” consists of daytime and nighttime (nychtemeron). Days, //ūmum//, are counted in letters from one to twenty or more. The word night, //mūšum// or //mušītum//, appears often in the Old Assyrian documentation; nighttime is also expressed by the term //nabattum// ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P360993|KTH 3, 10-16]]). The Mesopotamian “day” consists of daytime and nighttime (nychtemeron). Days, //ūmum//, are counted in letters from one to twenty or more. The word night, //mūšum// or //mušītum//, appears often in the Old Assyrian documentation; nighttime is also expressed by the term //nabattum// ([[http://cdli.ucla.edu/P360993|KTH 3, 10-16]]).
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 **Bibliography** **Bibliography**
  
-  * Michel, C., 2010: The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar, in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\ +  * Michel, C., 2010: [[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00642826/document|The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar]], in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\
- +
- +
- +
- +
  
  
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-===== Anatolian Dating System ===== 
  
-==== Anatolian dating system (replacing Anatolian seasonal calendar) ====+==== Anatolian Dating System ====
  
 In Anatolia, loan contracts are not always using the Old Assyrian calendar but can be dated after important events linked to the local ruler or his family, religious festivals or agricultural activities. The deadline of the loan is often fixed according to the festival in honor of an Anatolian god or goddess, or seasonal agricultural activities. This dating system may be used alone or combined with the Assyrian dates. In Anatolia, loan contracts are not always using the Old Assyrian calendar but can be dated after important events linked to the local ruler or his family, religious festivals or agricultural activities. The deadline of the loan is often fixed according to the festival in honor of an Anatolian god or goddess, or seasonal agricultural activities. This dating system may be used alone or combined with the Assyrian dates.
  
-===Events linked to the royal family===+== Events linked to the royal family ==
  
   * Accession to the throne of the local ruler: “When Labarša became king” ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ICK+1%2C+178&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 1, 178:2-4]], //rubā’ūtam iṣbutu//)    * Accession to the throne of the local ruler: “When Labarša became king” ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ICK+1%2C+178&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 1, 178:2-4]], //rubā’ūtam iṣbutu//) 
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   * Birth in the royal family: “When the Lady-of-the-House (queen of Kaneš?) gave birth” ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P360786|Kt a/k 851]]:8-9)    * Birth in the royal family: “When the Lady-of-the-House (queen of Kaneš?) gave birth” ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P360786|Kt a/k 851]]:8-9) 
  
-===Events concerning the cultic activities of the king===+====Events concerning the cultic activities of the king====
  
-  * Entering the god’s temple: “When the king enter the temple of Nipas” (Kt d/k 17:10-12, //rubā’um ina bēt Nipas erubu//). +  * Entering the god’s temple: “When the king enters the temple of Nipas” (Kt d/k 17:10-12, //rubā’um ina bēt Nipas erubu//). 
   * Coming out of the god’s temple: “When the king comes out of the temple of Nipas ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361418|Kt n/k 1716a]]:14-15; [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361544|Kt n/k 1716b]]:9-11, //rub ā’um ina bēt Nipas uṣṣianni//)    * Coming out of the god’s temple: “When the king comes out of the temple of Nipas ([[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361418|Kt n/k 1716a]]:14-15; [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361544|Kt n/k 1716b]]:9-11, //rub ā’um ina bēt Nipas uṣṣianni//) 
  
-===Religious festivals===+== Religious festivals ==
  
 Only ten among the many Anatolian deities mentioned in the Old Assyrian texts appear in dates on the occasion of their main festival. In some cases, these festivals are combined with another type of dating which make possible seasonal dating of these festivals within the year. Only ten among the many Anatolian deities mentioned in the Old Assyrian texts appear in dates on the occasion of their main festival. In some cases, these festivals are combined with another type of dating which make possible seasonal dating of these festivals within the year.
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 | **Festival** | **Season** | **Some references** | | **Festival** | **Season** | **Some references** |
 | //ša Nipas// | Beginning of spring | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+2%2C+004&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 2, 4]]:5-7 | | //ša Nipas// | Beginning of spring | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+2%2C+004&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 2, 4]]:5-7 |
-| ša Parka | Summer (grain harvest) | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+2%2C+132&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 2, 132]]:33 | +| //ša Parka// | Summer (grain harvest) | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+2%2C+132&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 2, 132]]:33 | 
-| ša Anna (Main goddess of Kaneš) | Late autumn | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+2%2C+004&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 2, 4]]:5-7 | +| //ša Anna// (Main goddess of Kaneš) | Late autumn | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+2%2C+004&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 2, 4]]:5-7 | 
-| ša Tuhutānim | autumn | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+1%2C+129&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 1, 129]]:8-9 | +| //ša Tuhutānim// | autumn | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+1%2C+129&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 1, 129]]:8-9 | 
-| ša Bēlim (Lord) | ? | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361537|Kt a/k 335]]:4 | +| //ša Bēlim// (Lord) | ? | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361537|Kt a/k 335]]:4 | 
-| ša Bēl qablim (Lord of the Battle) | ? | Kt 92/k 1045:18-19 | +| //ša Bēl qablim// (Lord of the Battle) | ? | Kt 92/k 1045:18-19 | 
-| ša Harihari | ? | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+1%2C+024&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 1, 24b]]:7 | +| //ša Harihari// | ? | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=ick+1%2C+024&MuseumNumber=&ObjectID=&TextSearch=&requestFrom=Valider|ICK 1, 24b]]:7 | 
-| ša Usumū | ? | Kt b/k 134a:6; b:10 | +| //ša Usumū// | ? | Kt b/k 134a:6; b:10 | 
-| ša <sup>d</sup>UTU | ? | Kt c/k 201:5-8 |+| //ša// <sup>d</sup>UTU | ? | Kt c/k 201:5-8 |
  
-===Agricultural seasonal activities===+== Agricultural seasonal activities ==
  
 The loan contracts using the agricultural calendar are predominantly dealing with wheat, which was sown in autumn and barley in the spring. They follow the many agricultural events from ploughing and seeding to the time of the threshing floor and quote seasons. The loan contracts using the agricultural calendar are predominantly dealing with wheat, which was sown in autumn and barley in the spring. They follow the many agricultural events from ploughing and seeding to the time of the threshing floor and quote seasons.
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 |:::| //erāšum// | ploughing (and seeding wheat, Oct.-Nov.) | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P360504|AKT 1, 45]]:4-5 | |:::| //erāšum// | ploughing (and seeding wheat, Oct.-Nov.) | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P360504|AKT 1, 45]]:4-5 |
 |:::| //serdum// | (time of) the olives (Oct.-Dec.) | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361525|Kt a/k 604b]]:5-6 | |:::| //serdum// | (time of) the olives (Oct.-Dec.) | [[http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P361525|Kt a/k 604b]]:5-6 |
-|:::| //eršum waṣā’um// | coming up of the sown (late fall) | Kt v/k 1460:7-8 |+|:::| //eršum waṣā’um// | coming up of the sown (late fall) | Kt v/k 160:7-8 |
 |:::| //buqlātum// | sprouting (of the barley seeds, late fall) | Prag I 500:6 | |:::| //buqlātum// | sprouting (of the barley seeds, late fall) | Prag I 500:6 |
 | Spring | //daš’ū// | spring (Apr.-June) | TPAK 1, 98:11-12 | | Spring | //daš’ū// | spring (Apr.-June) | TPAK 1, 98:11-12 |
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   * Dercksen, J. G., 2008: Observations on Land Use and Agriculture in Kaneš, in C. Michel (ed.), //Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli//, OAAS 4, PIHANS 112, Leiden, p. 139-157.\\   * Dercksen, J. G., 2008: Observations on Land Use and Agriculture in Kaneš, in C. Michel (ed.), //Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli//, OAAS 4, PIHANS 112, Leiden, p. 139-157.\\
   * Kryszat, G., 2006: Herrscher, Herrschaft und Kulttradition in Anatolien nach den Quellen aus den altassyrischen Handelskolonien -- teil 2: Götter, Priester und Feste Altanatoliens, //AoF//33, p. 102-124.\\   * Kryszat, G., 2006: Herrscher, Herrschaft und Kulttradition in Anatolien nach den Quellen aus den altassyrischen Handelskolonien -- teil 2: Götter, Priester und Feste Altanatoliens, //AoF//33, p. 102-124.\\
-  * Michel, C., 2010: The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar, in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\+  * Michel, C., 2010: [[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00642826/document|The day unit within the Old Assyrian calendar]], in Ş. Dönmez (ed.), //Studies Presented in Honour of Veysel Donbaz//, Istanbul, p. 217-224.\\
   * Michel, C., In press: Prêts paléo-assyriens, //Droits Orientaux Cunéiformes// [[http://d-o-c.fr|http://d-o-c.fr]]   * Michel, C., In press: Prêts paléo-assyriens, //Droits Orientaux Cunéiformes// [[http://d-o-c.fr|http://d-o-c.fr]]
   * Veenhof, K. R., 2008: The Old Assyrian Period, in K. R. Veenhof & J. Eidem, //Mesopotamia. The Old Assyrian Period//, OBO 160/5, Fribourg/Göttingen, p. 1-266, esp. p. 238-245.   * Veenhof, K. R., 2008: The Old Assyrian Period, in K. R. Veenhof & J. Eidem, //Mesopotamia. The Old Assyrian Period//, OBO 160/5, Fribourg/Göttingen, p. 1-266, esp. p. 238-245.
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